b. 1921 Isabella L. Karle, researcher on
three-dimensional structure for molecules using x-ray and electron diffraction.December
1
b. 1743 Martin H. Klaproth discovered zirconium (Zr, 40)
1789, uranium (from pitchblende)
(U, 92) 1789, & cerium (Ce, 58) with J. Jacob
Berzelius & William Hisinger, 1803; also chromium (Cr, 24) previously
discovered by N. L. Vauquelin, 1797.
? First production of calcium cyanamide in North
America, American Cyanamide Co., 1909.
2
b. 1859 Ludwig Knorr synthesized heterocyclic compounds.
b. 1867 Nikolai M. Kishner contributed to the
Wolff-Kishner reduction of aldehydes and ketones.
b. 1921 Isabella L. Karle, researcher on
three-dimensional structure for molecules using x-ray and electron diffraction.
? First atomic pile produced first self‑sustained
nuclear chain reaction under Stagg Field, University of Chicago, 1942.
3
b. 1886 Karl Manne Georg
Siegbahn,
researcher on x‑ray spectroscopy; Nobel Prize in Physics (1924) for his discoveries and researching
the field of X-ray spectroscopy.
b. 1900 Richard Kuhn, researcher on structures
& syntheses of vitamins & cartenoids; refused Nobel Prize in 1938 due
to Nazi rules but received it in 1949; for his work on carotenoids and vitamins.
b. 1933 Paul Crutzen,
researcher in chemistry of the atmosphere; Nobel Prize (1995) with Mario Molina
and F. Sherwood Rowland for their work in
atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition
of ozone.
4
b. 1867 C.
H. Herty, chemistry of natural
resources.
b. 1908
Alfred D. Hershey, researcher in
microbial genetics; Nobel Prize in Medicine (1969) with Max Delbrück and
Salvador E. L. Kuria for their
discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of
viruses
5
b. 1896 Carl F. Cori, researcher in carbohydrate
metabolism; Nobel Prize (1947) with wife Gerty T. Cori for their research on
the hormone of the anterior lobe and its role in the metabolism of sugar;
discovered how glycogen is catalytically converted and Bernado Houssay for his discovery of the part played by the hormone
of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar.
b. 1901 Werner Heisenberg, researcher in quantum
mechanics; developed the Heisenberg Principle, 1927; Nobel Prize (1932) for the
creation of quantum mechanics.
? The first paper on ion chromatography was submitted on
this date in 1974 to Analytical Chemistry
by H. Small, T. S. Stevens, and W. C. Bauman (Anal. Chem., 1975, 47,
1801-1809). It was entitled ?Novel Ion Exchange Chromatographic Method Using
Conductimetric Detection?.
6
b. 1778 Joseph L. Gay‑Lussac discovered law of expansion of
gases with heat, 1802, & law of combining volumes of gases, 1809; isolated
boron; researcher on fermentation, prussic acid & composition of water.
b. 1835 Rudolf Fittig synthesized organic compounds, e.g., lactones,
with B. C. G. Tollens; synthesized toluene; discovered diphenyl, phenanthrene,
1872, & coumarone, 1883.
b. 1836 Charles F. Chandler, researcher in sugar, petroleum
& illuminating gas industries; a founder of the ACS.
b. 1863 Charles M. Hall discovered method of
extracting aluminum electrolytically from bauxite in his garage.
b. 1920 George Porter studied free radicals produced in gaseous photochemical
reactions using flash-photolysis method that he developed; Nobel Prize (1967)
with Manfred Eigen and Ronald G. W. Norrish for
their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the
equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy.
7
b. 1810 Theodor Schwann named & investigated
pepsin, 1836; coined the word metabolism.
? Patent granted for the first thermosetting man-made
plastic from a reaction of phenol with formaldehyde, 1909.
? Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) incorporated 1926.
8
b. 1845 Thomas E. Thorpe, researcher on atomic weights,
viscosity of liquids, & chemical analyses.
b. 1878 Eugene C. Bingham, researcher on plastic flow
& viscosity.
b. 1947 Thomas R. Cech discovered role of ribonucleic
acid (RNA) in cell; Nobel Prize (1989) with Sidney Altman for their discovery of catalytic
properties of RNA.
? Three atoms of element 111 created at GSI, Darmstadt,
Germany, 1994.
9
b. 1742 Karl W. Scheele discovered chlorine (Cl, 17)
1774, phosphorus from bone ash, & action of light on silver salts;
synthesized organic acids.
b. 1748 Claude L. Berthollet analysed ammonia; discovered
bleaching action of chlorine & composition of prussic acid; showed that
acids do not need to contain oxygen.
b. 1868 Fritz Haber synthesized anmonia from
hydrogen & nitrogen under high pressures (Haber Process); Nobel Prize
(1918) for
the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
b. 1919 William N. Lipscomb, researcher on boranes; among
first to describe 3-dimensional structure of enzymes & proteins; Nobel
Prize (1976) for his studies on the structure of
boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding.
10
? Robert Hare, Jr., informed the Chemical Society of
Philadelphia of his discovery of the oxy‑hydrogen blowpipe that he called
a "hydrostatic blowpipe", 1801.
? "Project Gasbuggy" was the world's first
commercial experiment with nuclear mining under New Mexico desert, 1967.
11
b. 1925
Paul Greengard, Nobel Prize in
Physiology and Medicine (2000) for discoveries concerning signal transduction
in the nervous system, with Arne Carlsson and Kric Kandel. for their discoveries concerning signal
transduction in the
nervous
system
? Horace Wells, dentist,
discovered the use of nitrous oxide as anesthetic, 1844.
? Vitamin B12
isolated by Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, 1947.
12
b. 1775 William Henry discovered that the amount of gas absorbed by a
liquid is proportional to the gas pressure (Henry's Law).
b. 1817 William H. Balmain, discovered boron nitride
& called it aethogen from its luminescence in a flame.
b. 1866 Alfred Werner, researcher in coordination
chemistry; Nobel Prize (1913), for linkage of atoms in molecules, complex
inorganic compounds, stereochemistry, & coordination theory of valency.
? Announcement of first pure compound of californium
(Cf, 98) at meeting of American Nuclear Society, 1960.
13
b. 1867 Kristian Birkeland performed the first industrial
fixation of nitrogen with S. Eyde.
? Casein fiber was patented, 1938.
? Perkin-Elmer Corp. incorporated 1939.
14
b. 1909
Edward L. Tatum discovered genes
that regulate certain chemical processes; Nobel Prize in Medicine (1958) with
George W. Beadle for their discovery
that genes act by regulating definite chemical events & & Joshua
Lederberg for his discoveries
concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material
of bacteria.
? Max Planck announced his
formula for the blackbody spectrum, the beginning of the quantum revolution,
1900.
? Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin
M. McMillan, J. W. Kennedy, & A. C. Wahl performed the first bombardment of
uranium oxide with 16‑MeV deuterons to produce plutonium (Pu, 94), 1940.
15
b. 1780 Johann W. Döbereiner postulated theory of triads
showing periodicity in the elements; researcher on catalytic action of
platinum; invented instantaneous lighting lamp (Döbereiner lamp).
b. 1852 Antoine H. Becquerel discovered radiation
(Becquerel Rays) from uranium salts, 1896; Nobel Prize (1903) ?in recognition
of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous
radioactivity? shared with the Curies.
b. 1916 Maurice H. F. Wilkins shared Nobel Prize in Medicine
with Francis H. C. Crick and James D. Watson for their discoveries concerning the
molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information
transfer in living material.
? A. D. Little, Inc. founded as firm for industrial
research & control, 1863.
16
b. 1776 Johann W. Ritter discovered ultra‑violet
rays, 1802; collected oxygen & hydrogen by electrolysis, 1800.
b. 1929 Bruce N.
Ames,
developed the Ames Test, an indicator of carcinogenicity of chemicals that
measures the rate of mutation by a chemical in bacteria.
17
b. 1778 Humphry Davy discovered potassium (K, 19) 1807, sodium (Na,
11)
1807, barium (Ba, 56) 1808, & strontium (Sr, 38)
1808; invented Davy mine safety lamp.
b. 1908 Willard F. Libby developed carbon dating; Nobel
Prize (1960) for
his method to use carbon 14 for age determination in archaeology, geology,
geophysics, and other branches of science.
? Michael Faraday announced first law of electrolysis,
"Chemical power like magnetic force, is in direct proportion to the
absolute quantity of
electricity which passes", 1832.
? Allied Chemical and Dye Corp. incorporated 1920.
? Discovery of neutron-induced nuclear fission of
uranium (U, 92) by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, Berlin, 1938.
18
b. 1856 Joseph J. Thomson discovered the electron; 1897,
Nobel Prize (1906) in physics in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental
investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases.
b. 1890 Mary L. Caldwell isolated enzymes for individual
analyses.
19
b. 1813 Thomas Andrews discovered that every gas has a
critical temperature above which it can not be liquefied.
b. 1864 Samuel P. Mulliken, researcher in identification
of organic chemicals and dye chemistry; introduced organic qualitative
chemistry as course, 1896.
? Berkelium (Bk, 97) discovered by ion exchange
chromatography at University of California, Berkeley, 1949.
20
b. 1890 Jaroslav Heyrovsky invented polarographic method
of analysis; Nobel Prize (1959) for his discovery and development of the polarographic
methods of analysis.
? Einsteinium (Es, 99) discovered by ion exchange
chromatography at University of California, Berkeley, 1952.
21
b. 1805 Thomas Graham, researcher on absorption of
gases, osmosis, diffusion, colloids, & dialysis; discovered laws of
diffusion (Graham's Laws).
b. 1890 Hermann J. Muller, researcher on theory of
genes; Nobel Prize (1946) in Medicine for the discovery of the production of mutations by
means of X-ray irradiation.
22
b. 1870 William L. Evans, authority in chemistry of
carbohydrates.
b. 1884 St. Elmo Brady, first black man to earn a Ph. D. in chemistry,
1916 (University of Illinois).
b. 1903 Haldan K. Hartline, performed single-fiber
analysis of the optic responses of the veterbrate retina; researcher in night
vision in humans; Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine (1976) with G. Wald and
R. Granit, for their discoveries
concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye.
23
b. 1722 Axel
F. Cronstedt discovered nickel (Ni,
28), 1751, & zeolite; made classification of minerals.
b. 1829 Paul Schützenberger, researcher in physiological chemistry; With Laurent
Naudin prepared cellulose acetate, 1865.
b. 1912 Anna
J. Harrison, first woman president
of the ACS, 1978; president of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1983-4. Died: 8/8/98.
? First full‑scale
nuclear power plant in US at Shippingport, Pennsylvania, began operation, 1957.
24
b. 1834 Augustus G. Vernon‑Harcourt invented standard lamp of 10
candle‑power using pentane.
b. 1745 Benjamin Rush published first American
chemistry textbook; signer of the Declaration of Independence.
b. 1818 James P. Joule discovered the law of heating
of conductors; researcher in mechanical equivalent of heat; discovered that
temperature of gas falls when the gas expands without doing work (Joule‑Thomson
Effect). The unit of work or energy is named for J. P. Joule.
? Corning, Inc., incorporated, 1936.
? Charles Weissmann and colleagues produced interferon using recombinant
DNA technology, 1979.
25
b. 1642 Isaac Newton, alchemist, mathematician, physicist; discovered
laws of gravity & nature of light.
b. 1761 William Gregor discovered titanium (Ti, 22)
1791; analyzed minerals
b. 1876 Adolf O. R. Windaus, researcher on steroids; Nobel
Prize (1928) for
the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols
and their connection with the vitamins.
b. 1904 Gerhard Herzberg, researcher on the electronic
structure & geometry of molecules & free radicals using spectroscopy;
Nobel Prize (1971) for
his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of
molecules, particularly free radicals.
26
b. 1838 Clemens A. Winkler discovered germanium (Ge, 32)
1886; analysis of gases.
? Radium discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898.
27
b. 1822 Louis Pasteur, researcher in sterochemistry,
optical activity of tartaric acids, & fermentation; invented the process of
sterilizing food (Pasteurization).
28
b. 1818 Karl R. Fresenius, researcher in qualitative
& quantitative analyses.
b. 1838 Vladimir V. Markovnikov synthesized cyclobutane and
cycloheptane derivatives; Markovnikov's Rule for additions to alkenes.
b. 1921 Ernest L. Eliel research in organic
stereochemistry & conformational analysis. *
b. 1932 Kary B. Mullis, invented polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) method for duplicating DNA; Nobel Prize (1993) for his invention of the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) method; shared with Michael Smith.
? Lewis H. Sarett synthesized cortisone at Merck, Sharp,
& Dohme Research Laboratories, 1944.
29
b. 1800 Charles Goodyear invented vulcanization of rubber.
b. 1813 Alexander Parkes invented xylonite (celluloid);
electroplating inventions.
b. 1879 Ellen
Gledirsch,
made accurate measurements of the half-life of radium.
? Announcement of discovery of heavy water, D2O,
(1931).
30
? Ductile tungsten for incandescent bulb filaments
patented, 1913.
31
b. 1881 Colin G. Fink, researcher, developer,
industrialist, teacher in electrochemistry;
developed
ductile tungsten for incandescent lamp filaments, an insoluble anode for
electrowinning copper, an electrolytic process for the faithful restoration of
corroded ancient bronzes, the development of hot dipped aluminum coatings, the
electrodeposition of metals, and in particular, a commercial process for
chromium plating.
b. 1921 Gilbert Stock, research in alkylation, acylation,, and vinyl ring
radical cyclization. He also developed the theory of concerted polyene
cyclization.